萨姆·德·格拉斯

本片又译作《党同伐异》，是D．W．格里菲思最具创作野心的作品。由于受到《国家的诞生》惊人卖座的影响，格里菲思遂再接再励拍摄一部场面更大，内容更有深度的影片。他花了一年半的时间，动用了二百万美元的制作费，拍摄成片长220分的巨片（原版长480分）。可惜本片在1916年9月于纽约公映时，并没有受到预期的欢迎。本片所以卖座失败，原因很多，最主要是格里菲思在本片所采用的故事结构太复杂，导演手法已超越当时观众的接受能力。加上主题过于严肃，其中提倡的宽容和反对暴力的论调跟当时美国的高昂参战情绪引起冲突，因此未能受到普遍欢迎。不过，人们却不能否认这是一部电影艺术上的不朽杰作。《忍无可忍》由四段不同时代发生的故事组成：巴比伦的没落、耶稣基督的受难、法国的圣巴托罗米宗教大屠杀，以及二十世纪初美国的劳资冲突。格氏描述他自己的构想：“四个大循环故事好象四条河流，最初是分散而平静地流动着，最后却汇合成一条强大汹涌的急流"。本片一开始，是一个母亲推摇篮的镜头，插入惠特曼的诗句：“如今如同昨日，世间的人情变化循环无穷。摇篮摇动着，为人类带来同样的激情，同样的优乐悲欢。"这字幕之后，展开第一个作为全片基调的现代篇故事。随着剧情的进展，导演经常切入另外三段故事，成为四段平行发展。最后，画面仍回到母亲和摇篮，呈现出“人类从不容异已到宽容的进化"的主题。作为故事核心的现代篇“母与法"，内容描述四个失业的男女工人从小镇来到都市中找工作，有人误入歧途，有人渴望过正常的家庭生活。正派的男主角被诬陷为杀人凶手，被捕后判处死刑。行刑之日，真凶良心发现，在最危险的一刻将男主角救了出来。从这个故事中，可以看出二十世纪初期美国的一般社会状况：农村不安定，都市阴暗而复杂、劳工生活困苦、法律问题重重等。格里菲思在本片中进一步表演他在“平行剪接"方面的杰出才能。他利用四段故事中的类似情景作比较剪接，使分散的情节显得统一有力，并因类似镜头的多次重复而使剧情产生出热情奔放的情绪高潮。譬如有一段镜头是这样剪接的：一、耶稣基督被士兵押着前进；二、巴比伦的村女向情侣奔告国王的危急；三、现代的少女拚命为救她的爱人而奔走；四、在巴黎大屠杀中，新教徒企图在群众骚乱的街道上援救未婚妻。格氏利用移动摄影、镜头、划过镜头等技巧连接四段平行发展的情节，节奏紧凑流畅。格氏甚至在个别的故事片段中使用短短的倒叙技巧（FLAXHBACK）来交代情节，显见他的“电影文法"的确比同时代的导演高出很多。除此之外，格氏在本片中亦首创“大特写"和“大远景"的镜头，以加强观众的心理感觉（如：特写女人紧握的手，表现她在听到丈夫判死刑的消息时的焦急；以大远景拍摄资本家独坐办公室中，暗示他庞大的支配权力）。他又利用影片染色的方法来加强各种特殊效果（如夜景用染青色的影片、点灯的房内用染黄色的影片、巴比伦城火烧时用染红色的影片）。这种影片染色方法虽非格氏首创，但却没有人像他这样在一部电影片中大胆的全面采用。令人惊异的是，这样一部内容复杂的大制作竟然由始至终没有一个完整的剧本，而只是靠格里菲斯的临场即兴创作而成。此外，本片也没有任何布景的设计图，但格氏却能够命人搭盖出宏伟得哧人的巴比伦布景。在拍摄巴比伦攻耶路撒冷的场面时，更在一天之内同时动用一万五千名临时演员和二百五十辆战车。他这种大手笔使得当时意大利出品的历史巨片也瞠乎其后，由此也可以看出格氏对自己的创作能力如何自信。或许正如格氏自己的格言所说：“艺术经常都是革命性的、爆炸性的，以及轰轰烈烈的"。看《忍无可忍》一片幕前幕后的表现，可知格里菲思的确是一个身体力行的艺术家。

Two differences between this Austrian version and the generally available American version are immediately obvious they differ both in their length and in the language of the intertitles. The American version is only 1,883 metres long - at 18 frames per second a difference of some 7 minutes to the Austrian version with 2,045 metres. Whereas we originally presumed only a negligible difference, resulting from the varying length of the intertitles, a direct comparison has nevertheless shown that the Austrian version differs from the American version both in the montage and in the duration of individual scenes. Yet how could it happen that the later regional distribution of a canonical US silent film was longer than the original version　　The prevalent American version of Blind Husbands does not correspond to the version shown at the premiere of 1919. This little-known fact was already published by Richard Koszarski in 1983. The film was re-released by Universal Pictures in 1924, in a version that was 1,365 feet (416 metres) shorter. At 18 frames per second, this amounts to a time difference of 20 minutes! Titles were altered, snippets of action removed and at least one major scene taken out entirely, where von Steuben and Margaret visit a small local chapel. (Koszarski)　　From the present state of research we can assume that all the known American copies of the film derive from this shortened re-release version, a copy of which Universal donated to the Museum of Modern Art in 1941. According to Koszarski the original negative of the film was destroyed sometime between 1956 and 1961 and has therefore been irretrievably lost. This information casts an interesting light on the Austrian version, which can be dated to the period between the summer of 1921 and the winter of 1922. Furthermore, the copy is some 200 metres longer than the US version of 1924. If one follows the details given by Richard Koszarski and Arthur Lennig, this means that, as far as both its date and its length are concerned, the Austrian version lies almost exactly in the middle between the (lost) version shown at the premiere and the re-released one.A large part of the additional length of the film can be traced to cuts that were made to the 1924 version in almost every shot. Koszarski describes how the beginning and the end of scenes were trimmed, in order to speed up the film. However, more exciting was the discovery that the Austrian version contains shots that are missing in the American one - shotscountershots, intertitles - and furthermore shows differences in its montage (i.e. the placing of the individual shots within a sequence). All this indicates that Die Rache der Berge constitutes the oldest and most completely preserved material of the film.